Kiru
type: channel
description: About the Journal Kiru is a specialized scientific journal in the field of dentistry, published quarterly by the Faculty of Dentistry of Universidad de San Martín de Porres (USMP), Lima, Peru. The journal accepts original and unpublished contributions such as original research articles, review articles, clinical case reports, opinion papers, and letters to the editor. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed by national or international experts in the relevant subject areas, with recognized experience in scientific publishing. The review process takes approximately two months. Kiru is indexed or registered in the following databases: DOAJ, REDIB, LILACS, LIPECS, CROSSREF, EBSCOhost, LATINDEX Catalog 2.0, MIAR, BVS, ROAD, CONCYTEC Virtual Library, REPEBIS, SIBUS, SISBI, BASE, and Google Scholar. The journal Kiru adheres to the ethical policies and standards of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), and supports the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA). Manuscripts may be submitted through the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform of Kiru at the following link: https://portalrevistas.aulavirtualusmp.pe/index.php/Rev-Kiru0/about/submissions or via email at: kiru_odontologia@usmp.pe
publisher: Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Facultad de Odontología.
language: es
publication name: Kiru
issn: 1812-7886
copyright: Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista. Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista. Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) posterior al proceso de aprobación del manuscrito, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada.
items: Posterior mandibular reconstruction using iliac graft and osteosynthesis material. A case report
items: Gingival margin elevation in severely damaged teeth: with 18-month follow-up case report
items: Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: diagnosis and therapeutic approach. A literature review
items: A non-invasive technique for blood glucose measurement in periodontal patients
items: Association of the Facial Midline with the Proportion of Incisors Measured Using the Chu’s T Probe
items: Frequency of affected teeth in pediatric patients with molar hypomineralisation
items: Feasibility of dental education in patient-free settings: a Delphi study with Latin American experts
items: Microbiological analysis of instrumental used in dental restoration
items: Orthodontic Compensation with extraction and support of hooks in a Class III Malocclusion in an adult patient. Case report
items: Advances in nanosystems for controlled drug delivery in dentistry: classification and therapeutic applications
items: Dentistry, Odontostomatology, or Stomatology? Toward a coherent denomination consistent with the professional field of the Dental Surgeons in Peru
items: Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion: biomechanical principles, effects and effectiveness compared to RPE and SARPE. A narrative review
items: Correlation between ossification of the intermaxillary suture and cervical bone maturation in cone beam tomography
items: In vitro anti–Candida albicans activity of 100% peppermint (Mentha piperita) extract compared to 5% sodium hypochlorite in acrylic dentures
items: Root coverage in multiple recession defects (RT1) using the m-vista technique: a case report
items: Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain associated with working time and magnification in endodontists from Ecuador
items: Relationship between ankyloglossia and skeletal malocclusion. Cross sectional study
items: Risk factors associated with recurrence in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery: a scoping review
items: The New Era of the Periodontology Discipline
items: Presentation of an unusual sized peripheral cement-ossifying fibroma: case report
items: Probiotics in endodontics as a biotherapeutic alternative: review of the literature
items: Tomographic evaluation of the internal root anatomy of mandibular first molars of patients who attended a university health center in Peru
items: Characterization of pediatric mandibular fractures and their clinical management. Scoping review
items: Evaluation of the bond strength of different intraradicular posts in endodontically treated teeth
items: Excellence in dentistry: among technique, the person, and ethics
items: carta
items: Building Science: The Foundation of a Solid Protocol
items: The role of the writing process in adapting scientific articles in dentistry
items: Tooth extraction and immediate implant placed in infected socket with 3 years follow-up. Case report
items: Correlation of the oral microbiota with the periodontal health: a literature review

Posterior mandibular reconstruction using iliac graft and osteosynthesis material. A case report
type: item
description: Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by slow, asymptomatic growth, originating from the periodontal ligament. It may cause bone deformities in advanced stages. The etiology remains incompletely defined, though it has been associated with trauma, periodontal infections, and surgical interventions. It predominantly affects young women aged 20–40, with a predilection for mandibular premolars and molars. Diagnosis is based on clinical, radiographic, and histopathological findings. Radiographically, it presents as well-defined radiopaque areas. Treatment varies based on lesion size and borders, ranging from surgical enucleation to segmental resection with bone reconstruction. A clinical case of a left posterior mandibular COF is presented, managed with complete resection and autologous bone grafting. Postoperative management included hyperbaric oxygen therapy, analgesics, and antibiotics.
subject: Reportes de casos/ Case reports
  topic: section
subject: Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma; Mandibular Reconstruction; Bone Graft; Iliac Crest; Fracture Fixation
  topic: keywords
creator: Yessi Fer Huaman Flores
creator: Juan Nicolas Huayllapuma Lima
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yessi Fer Huaman Flores , Juan Nicolas Huayllapuma Lima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 163
ending page: 169
doi: 10.24265/jrexbe69

Gingival margin elevation in severely damaged teeth: with 18-month follow-up case report
type: item
description: Gingival margin elevation (GME) is a conservative procedure that relocating the subgingival margin to a more supragingival position using restorative materials. This report describes a clinical case in which a 1 mm flapless crown lengthening was performed, followed by GME with Filtek Supreme Flowable Restorative resin (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and Filtek Z350 XT composite resin (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) as a pre-endodontic restoration. Subsequently; endodontic retreatments were completed and indirect partial coverage (onlays) were adhesive cemented on the structurally compromised lower right first and second molars. The case demostrates the clinical viability of GME in two multirooted teeth, with functional and aesthetic results satisfactorily maintained over an 18-month follow-up.
subject: Reportes de casos/ Case reports
  topic: section
subject: Root Caries; Conservative Treatment; Esthetics; Gingivitis; Composite Resin
  topic: keywords
creator: Diego Fernando Casco Silva
creator: Lidia Carolina López Bazán
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Diego Fernando Casco Silva , Lidia Carolina López Bazán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 149
ending page: 162
doi: 10.24265/jwq8kt74

Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: diagnosis and therapeutic approach. A literature review
type: item
description: Introduction: Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption (OIIRR) is a complication characterized by the progressive loss of hard root tissue mediated by clastic cells in response to orthodontic forces and biological stimuli. Although it is usually mild, moderate or severe cases may compromise the dental prognosis. Objectives: To review current evidence on the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis prevention, and clinical management of OIIRR. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2015 and July 2025, using the keywords “OIIRR,” “resorption,” and “orthodontic” with Boolean operators. Observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included, yielding a total of 59 publications. Results: OIIRR begins with tissue damage, release of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and PGE₂, which stimulate odontoclastic and osteoclastic activity through the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway. Mayor risk factors include the magnitude, direction, and duration of orthodontic forces, root morphology, age, genetic predisposition, and history of dental trauma. Intrusive and torque movements, as well as fixed appliances, are associated with a higher risk. Diagnosis is supported by radiographic examination, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and biomarkers. Preventive strategies include the use of light forces, periodic radiographic monitoring, and temporary interruption of treatment when necessary. Conclusions: Early diagnosis, individualized treatment planning, and controlled biomechanics are essential to reduce the incidence and severity of OIIRR, thereby preserving root integrity and long-term periodontal health.
subject: Artículos de revisión / Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Palatal Expansion Technique; Biomechanical Phenomena; Maxilla
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriela García-Sarmiento
creator: Tania Rocio T Matute-Sánchez
creator: Morán Prado Morán Prado
creator: Fernanda Sacoto-Figueroa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela García-Sarmiento , Tania Rocio Matute-Sánchez , Evelin Johana Morán Prado , Fernanda Sacoto-Figueroa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 139
ending page: 148
doi: 10.24265/bpv2m437

A non-invasive technique for blood glucose measurement in periodontal patients
type: item
description: Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes in high-risk populations underscores the need for effective screening methods within the dental setting. Objectives: To determine the correlation between glucose levels obtained from gingival crevicular blood and capillary blood (finger prick) in diabetic patients with chronic gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. Seventy patients with diabetes presenting chronic periodontal disease and gingival inflammation were selected based on established inclusion criteria. Excess gingival crevicular blood from periodontal pockets was collected using glucometer test strips to determine each patient's glucose levels. Capillary blood was collected via finger prick, and glucose levels were measured using the same device. Venous blood was also collected for corresponding analysis. The relationship between variables was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: A positive and highly significant correlation was found between glucose levels obtained from gingival crevicular blood and capillary blood (r = 0.982, p < 0.001). A strong correlation was also observed between gingival crevicular blood values and corrected venous blood glucose levels determined by conventional laboratory methods (r = 0.891, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A strong linear correlation exists between the evaluated methods; therefore, gingival crevicular blood analysis constitutes a useful and feasible tool for hyperglycemic screening.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Blood Glucose Control; Diabetes Mellitus; Blood Glucose; Periodontal Diseases.
  topic: keywords
creator: Britto Ebert Falcón-Guerrero
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Britto Ebert Falcón-Guerrero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 131
ending page: 138
doi: 10.24265/190kgr09

Association of the Facial Midline with the Proportion of Incisors Measured Using the Chu’s T Probe
type: item
description: Introduction: Smile harmony depends on the alignment between the facial and dental midlines, as well as incisor proportions, both of which are key elements in orthodontic esthetics. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between the facial midline and incisor proportions. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 117 pretreatment models (Autonomous University of Nayarit, 2015–2025). Midline coincidence was evaluated through frontal photographs and study models, while incisor proportions were measured using Chu’s proportion gauge. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used to determine associations. Results: Coincidence between the facial and maxillary midlines was observed in 59% of cases. No statistically significant association was found between midline coincidence and the proportions of the upper (X² = 0,13, p = 0,715) or lower (X² = 0,12, p = 0,731) incisors. Conclusions: Incisor proportions are not directly related to the alignment of dental midlines with respect to the facial midline.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Orthodontics; esthetics; smiling; incisor
  topic: keywords
creator: Lorena Vega Guerrero
creator: Jaime Fabian Gutiérrez Rojo
creator: Ari Naoki Nonaka Nava
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lorena Vega Guerrero , Jaime Fabian Gutiérrez Rojo, Ari Naoki Nonaka Nava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 124
ending page: 130
doi: 10.24265/cg6a4n79

Frequency of affected teeth in pediatric patients with molar hypomineralisation
type: item
description: Molar hypomineralisation (MH) was defined as a systemic pathology that affects one or all of the first permanent molars, often involving incisors. Objectives: To estimate the frequency of affected teeth in patients with MH who attended the Faculty of Dentistry University of Buenos Aires. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted on children with complete dentition who received treatment at the Pediatric Department April-August 2024. Faculty members performed clinical diagnoses with a Kappa value of 0.87, using the Mathu-Muju and Wright criteria. Recorded data included sex, age, presence of MH, and tooth severity levels, analyzed through means, percentages, and odds ratio. Results: The study comprised 173 patients, mean age of 14±1.6 years, 58.39% female. Among the participants, 27.74% (CI 21.35-35.14) had MH, mean age 13.54±1.86 years and 66.7% being female. Lesions were observed across all dental groups. First permanent molars were affected in 54.69% of cases (CI 47.34-61.89), followed by incisors at 17.26% (CI 13.63-21.42), second molars at 12.5% (CI 8.16-18.04), first premolars and canines at 10.94% (CI 6.89-16.25), and second premolars at 8.85% (CI 5.23-13.81). Of the lesions observed, 87.84% were classified as mild, 8.23% as moderate, and severe lesions were identified only in the first (1.96%) and second molars (1.96%). Upper incisors were found to be more affected than lower incisors (OR 5.38). Conclusions: In this sample, although the first molars and incisors were the most affected, all dental groups displayed lesions, with the second molars showing the highest frequency.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Molar Hypomineralization; Pediatric Dentistry; Permanent Dentition
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana María Biondi
creator: Silvina Gabriela Cortese
creator: Jimena Alejandra Anchava
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ana María Biondi , Silvina Gabriela Cortese , Jimena Alejandra Anchava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 118
ending page: 123
doi: 10.24265/w9kvc745

Feasibility of dental education in patient-free settings: a Delphi study with Latin American experts
type: item
description: Objectives: To explore the perceptions of experts and faculty members, both national and international, working in public and private universities, regarding the challenge of training dentists under quality standards in a potential scenario without direct patient care, as projected in the post-pandemic period. Materials and Methods: The Delphi method, a qualitative approach also known as a consensus technique, was employed to address the research question. Twelve experts from Colombia and other countries were selected through peer academic referral. A structured questionnaire comprising seven core categories was designed and distributed via email. Data were analyzed through processes of condensation and categorization into recurrences, divergences, and trends. Additionally, the Voyant tool was used to complement the content analysis. Results: Key informants expressed a predominantly negative stance toward the possibility of teaching dentistry in the absence of patients. They emphasized the importance of the dentist–patient relationship and direct human contact, considering it an irreplaceable component in the educational process. Conclusions: Experts agree that dental education requires the active participation of patients to achieve meaningful and lasting learning. However, they highlight the need to diversify and innovate teaching methods in alignment with the demands of contemporary contexts.Principio del formulario
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Education, Dental; Delphi Technique; Patients, Simulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Paula Natalia Mejía Pérez
creator: Cecilia María Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paula Natalia Mejía Pérez, Cecilia María Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 108
ending page: 117
doi: 10.24265/a5wcya24

Microbiological analysis of instrumental used in dental restoration
type: item
description: Introduction: In dental practice, biosafety constitutes a fundamental component for ensuring the protection of both patients and healthcare personnel. Among the most commonly used methods for instrument decontamination and sterilization are enzymatic detergents and autoclaves in which adequate temperature control is essential for the elimination microorganisms and bacterial spores. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the sterilization process for surgical instruments through residual microbiological analysis of their surfaces. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in which 100 samples of dental instruments used in dental surgery were collected. The samples were classified into four groups: 25 explorers, 25 mouth mirrors, 25 round diamond burs, and 25 cylindrical diamond burs. Samples were obtained through random sterile swabbing of instruments used by undergraduate dentistry students at a private pre-professional practice clinic. The association between instrument type and the presence of contamination was evaluated using the chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25. Results: Microbial contamination was detected in 14% of the samples, characterized by the presence of Gram-positive cocci. No statistically significant association was observed between the type of instrument and the presence of contamination (p>0.05). Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of correctly implementing disinfection procedures prior to the sterilization process of dental instruments in order to ensure effective microbial elimination.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Dentistry, Operative; Containment of Biohazards; Microbiology; Disinfection
  topic: keywords
creator: Zulema Fajardo
creator: Jessica Sarmiento-Ordóñez
creator: Miriam Lima-Illescas
creator: Magaly Jiménez Romero
creator: Alejandra Mejía-Malla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zulema Fajardo , Jessica Sarmiento-Ordóñez , Miriam Lima-Illescas, Magaly Jiménez Romero, Alejandra Mejía-Malla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 101
ending page: 107
doi: 10.24265/m4hq9548

Orthodontic Compensation with extraction and support of hooks in a Class III Malocclusion in an adult patient. Case report
type: item
description: Class III malocclusion is one of the dentoskeletal alterations affecting a significant percentage of the global population. Its etiology is multifactorial, ivolving hereditary, environmental, and skeletal factors. This condition is frequently associated with facial disharmony, which can negatively impact a patient’s self-esteem. The therapeutic approach to Class III malocclusion depends mainly on the severity of the case and the patient’s age. Among the available options, compensatory treatment or orthodontic camouflage is considered a common and effective option in selected cases. The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic management of a patient with Class III malocclusion through compensatory treatment involving extractions and loops. Finally, it aims to provide updated information that may serve as a reference for the management of similar cases in clinical practice.
subject: Reportes de casos/ Case reports
  topic: section
subject: Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Orthodontics; Malocclusion; Tooth Extraction
  topic: keywords
creator: Atreyu Pajares Ontaneda
creator: Pedro Salinas Caldas
creator: Arnaldo Munive Mendez
rights: Copyright (c) 2015 Atreyu Pajares Ontaneda , Pedro Salinas Caldas, Arnaldo Munive Mendez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-05
publication date: 2026-03-05
starting page: 76
ending page: 85
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.09

Advances in nanosystems for controlled drug delivery in dentistry: classification and therapeutic applications
type: item
description: Nanomedicine has transformed drug delivery through the development of nanosystems capable of releasing therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. This article reviews the classification of nanosystems based on their composition (lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and biomolecule derived) focusing on their structure, synthesis process, and dental applications. Compared to conventional therapies, nanosystems offer advantages such as enhanced tissue penetration, optimized pharmacokinetics, and reduced toxicity. A literature review was conducted using scientific publications from 2010 to June 2025, including original studies and systematic reviews retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The findings demonstrate that nanosystems present a promising alternative for improving bioavailability and enabling precise therapeutic targeting across various tissues, with significant potential for oral cavity applications. In conclusion, while nanosystems represent a promising platform to advance the efficacy and safety of clinical treatments, challenges related to scalability and long-term toxicity remain. These issues represent critical barriers that must be addressed to enable their integration into real-world clinical settings.
subject: Artículos de revisión / Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Nanotechnology; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticles; Drug Delivery; Dentistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Johana Maldonado-Villamizar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Johana Maldonado-Villamizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-04
publication date: 2026-03-04
starting page: 61
ending page: 75
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.08

Dentistry, Odontostomatology, or Stomatology? Toward a coherent denomination consistent with the professional field of the Dental Surgeons in Peru
type: item
subject: Carta al editor
  topic: section
creator: Giancarlo Pares-Ballasco
creator: Kevin Huamaní-Bendezú
creator: Kenyie Paucca-Calla Kenyie Paucca-Calla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Giancarlo Pares-Ballasco , Kevin Huamaní-Bendezú , Kenyie Paucca-Calla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-04
publication date: 2026-03-04
starting page: 93
ending page: 95
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.11

Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion: biomechanical principles, effects and effectiveness compared to RPE and SARPE. A narrative review
type: item
description: Maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) occurs when the maxilla is narrow in relation to the mandible, leading to malocclusion. Patients with MTD frequently present unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite, anterior crowding, and prominent buccal corridors when smiling. Over the years, several methods have been developed to address this condition, including Mini-Implant-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE), which emerged as an alternative to surgical intervention and has undergone modifications and improvements. MARPE utilizes 2 to 4 mini-implants placed in the palate to provide skeletal anchorage, thereby promoting a more parallel opening of the midpalatal suture (MPS) and inducing changes in both hard and soft tissues. Outcomes vary depending on biological, clinical, behavioral, and technical factors. The aim of this article is to conduct a narrative review using digital databases to explore the biomechanical principles of MARPE, its effects in children, adolescents, and adults, and to assess its effectiveness compared to Rapid Palatal Expansion (RPE) and Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE). It is concluded that MARPE is an effective tool for addressing maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD), with its success depending on several factors such as appliance design and the patient's skeletal maturity. MARPE achieves more stable expansion and presents fewer side effects compared to rapid palatal expansion (RPE). In contrast to (SARPE), it offers a less invasive approach for young adults, although its efficiency tends to decline with increasing age. Future studies could focus on the application of artificial intelligence to enhance MARPE treatment planning.
subject: Artículos de revisión / Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Palatal Expansion Technique; Biomechanical Phenomena; Maxilla
  topic: keywords
creator: María Emilia Ordóñez Carrión María Emilia Ordóñez Carrión
creator: María Caridad Lopéz Galarza
creator: Pamela Fernanda Loja Quichimbo
creator: Jennifer Cristina Guamán Andrade
creator: Jennifer Lorena Jara Montesdeoca
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 María Emilia Ordóñez Carrión , María Caridad Lopéz Galarza , Pamela Fernanda Loja Quichimbo , Jennifer Cristina Guamán Andrade , Jennifer Lorena Jara Montesdeoca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-04
publication date: 2026-03-04
starting page: 51
ending page: 60
doi: 10.24265/8ewwrq26

Correlation between ossification of the intermaxillary suture and cervical bone maturation in cone beam tomography
type: item
description: Objectives: To determine the relationship between intermaxillary suture ossification and skeletal maturation in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study. A non-probabilistic sample of 300 volumetric scans was used. Intermaxillary suture ossification was assessed using the Angelieri index, while cervical vertebral maturation was evaluated using the Hassel and Farman index. The Spearman’s rho correlation test was applied to analyze the relationship between both variables. Results: Stage C of intermaxillary suture ossification was the most frequent in the studied sample (55%), as well as in each sex and age group, with higher prevalence in females (58.5%) and the 15–21-year age group (63%). For cervical skeletal maturation, stage 4 was the most prevalent (60%), similarly observed in each sex and the two older age groups; however, in the 8–14-year group, stage 3 was more frequent (36.2%). A direct, moderate correlation (p < 0.001; rho = 0.493) was found between intermaxillary suture ossification and cervical skeletal maturation. This association was also observed in each sex (p < 0.001) and age group (p < 0.001), except in the 15–21-year group (p = 0.840). Conclusions: There is a direct and moderate correlation between intermaxillary suture ossification and cervical skeletal maturation.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Ossification; Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Dentistry.
  topic: keywords
creator: José Luis Daza Henríquez
creator: Eduardo Miguel lCalle Velezmoro
creator: Carlos Enrique Cava Vergiu
creator: José Martín Robello Malatto
creator: Hans Rudolf Morgenstern Orezzoli
creator: Luis Alberto Cueva Príncipe
creator: Rafael Morales Vadillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 José Luis Daza Henríquez , Eduardo Miguel Calle Velezmoro, Carlos Enrique Cava Vergiu, José Martín Robello Malatto, Hans Rudolf Morgenstern Orezzoli, Luis Alberto Cueva Príncipe, Rafael Morales Vadillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-03
publication date: 2026-03-03
starting page: 44
ending page: 50
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.06

In vitro anti–Candida albicans activity of 100% peppermint (Mentha piperita) extract compared to 5% sodium hypochlorite in acrylic dentures
type: item
description: Objective: To evaluate the in vitro anti-Candida albicans effect of 100% peppermint extract compared with 5% sodium hypochlorite on acrylic dental prostheses. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental analysis was carried out with 30 pieces of thermocured acrylic resin, 15 mm long x 15 mm thick, manufactured with attributes similar to those of a partially removable acrylic denture. The polymerization times and polishing procedures set by the manufacturer were strictly adhered to. sample processing and analysis were perfomed at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Academic Health and Wellness Unit at the Azogues campus of the Catholic University of Cuenca. Results: Both the 100% peppermint extract and 5% sodium hypochlorite were shown to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans after 15 minutes of exposure. Conclusions: The 100% peppermint extract and 5% sodium hypochlorite have antifungal activity in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic dental prostheses.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Sodium Hypochlorite; Mentha; Candida albicans; Antifungal agents; Mentha piperita
  topic: keywords
creator: Kevin Michael Guallpa Ochoa
creator: Daniela Fernanda San Martin Andrade
creator: Janneth Cecilia Urgiles Esquivel
creator: Ivan Bolívar Valladolid Zhizhingo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kevin Michael Guallpa Ochoa , Daniela Fernanda San Martin Andrade, Janneth Cecilia Urgiles Esquivel , Ivan Bolívar Valladolid Zhizhingo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-03
publication date: 2026-03-03
starting page: 35
ending page: 43
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.05

Root coverage in multiple recession defects (RT1) using the m-vista technique: a case report
type: item
description: Gingival recession has been described as a common clinical condition, characterized by the apical displacement of the gingival margin and exposure of the root surface, which may lead to dental sensitivity, aesthetic impairmen, and an increased risk of root caries. Its treatment is determined by the classification and extent of the recession, as well as the patient's anatomical and systemic factors. The VISTA (Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access) technique has been reported as an effective minimally invasive surgical option for managing multiple recessions, allowing for preservation of vascularization and flap stability. This case report describes the treatment of multiple RT1 gingival recessions using a modified technique (m-VISTA), which was supplemented with a subepithelial connective tissue graft and coronally anchored sutures. This technique was performed on a patient with multiple RT1 recessions in the anterior maxillary sector, and clinical follow-ups were conducted at 3 and 6 months, assessing root coverage, flap stability, and postoperative healing. Satisfactory root coverage was achieved, with an improvement in gingival biotype, adequate tissue stability, and no surgical complications. Additionally, the patient reported improved aesthetics and reduced sensitivity. Overall, the clinical findings support the use of the m-VISTA technique as a safe, predictable, and minimally invasive surgical alternative for treating multiple RT1 gingival recessions, with good patient acceptance.
subject: Reportes de casos/ Case reports
  topic: section
subject: Gingival Recession; Surgical Flaps; Tissue Engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucia Salinas Avila
creator: Dante Levano Huamán
creator: Antonio Diaz Suyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lucia Salinas Avila , Dante Levano Huamán , Antonio Diaz Suyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: 86
ending page: 92
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.10

Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain associated with working time and magnification in endodontists from Ecuador
type: item
description: Objectives: To assess the prevalence and location of musculoskeletal pain, as well as its potential association with working hours and the use of magnification, among endodontists in Ecuador. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 practicing endodontists. A modified Nordic Questionnaire was administered electronically, collecting data on demographics, magnification use, workload, and the presence of pain in the last 12 months and 7 days. Data were analyzed in SPSS using ANOVA and chi-square tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: 76.9% of participants reported musculoskeletal pain in the past year. The most affected regions were the lower back (59.7%), neck (54.1%), and upper back (54.1%). 39.2% reported pain within the last 7 days, 18.8% temporarily suspended clinical practice, and 29.8% required medical or physiotherapeutic care. Prevalence was higher among professionals with fewer than 5 years of experience (89.9%) and those working more than 41 hours per week (78%), both associations being statistically significant (p < 0.001). The use of magnification was associated with a lower prevalence of pain (72.0% vs. 80.4%), though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.0789). Conclusions: Musculoskeletal pain is highly prevalent among Ecuadorian endodontists, particularly in the lumbar and cervical regions, and is associated with higher workload and less clinical experience. Although magnification use showed a protective trend, it was not statistically significant. These findings underscore the need for ergonomic programs and preventive strategies in clinical practice.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Musculoskeletal Pain; Endodontics; Ergonomics; Dentists; Ecuador
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicole Estefania Vinueza Idrovo
creator: Martin Eduardo Montesinos Unda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nicole Estefania Vinueza Idrovo , Martin Eduardo Montesinos Unda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: 19
ending page: 25
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.03

Relationship between ankyloglossia and skeletal malocclusion. Cross sectional study
type: item
description: Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) and analyze its association with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions. Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 213 patients aged 8 to 61 years, all with unrestricted maximum mouth opening. Participants were selected from an orthodontic postgraduate clinic (Bogotá, Colombia). Patients with ankyloglossia were compared to those without ankyloglossia in a 1:2 ratio, matched by age. An expert speech therapist clinically measured the length and depth of the ankyloglossia, while two trained operators determined skeletal classification (Class I, II, III) using occlusal Wits appraisal and basal arch measurements on lateral cephalograms. Results: the ankyloglossia group included n=71 patients, and the non- ankyloglossia group n=142. Ankyloglossia was more frequent in males (54.92%). The most prevalent skeletal malocclusions in the ankyloglossia group were Class I (40.8%) and Class III (36.6%), while the non- ankyloglossia group showed Class III (43.7%) and Class I (35.2%). The mean ankyloglossia depth was greater in Class II, WHILE the mean length was greater in Class I. No statistically significant association was found between ankyloglossia presence, sex, ankyloglossia length/depth, and skeletal malocclusions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: the prevalence of ankyloglossia was 7.91%. No statistically significant association was found between the presence of ankyloglossia and skeletal malocclusions. The most frequent skeletal malocclusions in the ankyloglossia group were Class I and III, while the non- ankyloglossia group predominantly exhibited Class III and I.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Ankyloglossia; Lingual Frenum; Orthodontics; Malocclusion; Speech-Language Pathology
  topic: keywords
creator: Bertha Cecilia Benavides Pinto Bertha Cecilia Benavides Pinto
creator: Suly Yamily Amaya González
creator: Judith Patricia Barrera-Chaparro
creator: Edgar Antonio Ibáñez Pinilla
creator: Daniela García Narváez
creator: Martha Lorena Infante Camargo
creator: Francisco Antonio Mercado Saleme Francisco Antonio Mercado Saleme
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bertha Cecilia Benavides Pinto , Suly Yamily Amaya González , Judith Patricia Barrera-Chaparro, Edgar Antonio Ibáñez Pinilla, Daniela García Narváez, Martha Lorena Infante Camargo , Francisco Antonio Mercado Saleme https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: 26
ending page: 34
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.04

Risk factors associated with recurrence in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery: a scoping review
type: item
description: Objectives: Recurrence is one of the main complications associated with orthognathic surgery. For this reason, the aim of this study is to identify risk factors for recurrence in patients who have undergone orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus during May 2025. Articles from the last 5 years were selected, excluding narrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, letters, opinion pieces, animal studies, or experimental models. Results: Out of 56 articles, 21 were removed due to duplication and 16 for not meeting eligibility criteria, resulting in 19 articles for final analysis. Among the risk factors mentioned in the literature, prominent contributors include positional changes at the temporomandibular joint, temporomandibular disorders associated with condylar morphological changes, tension and volumetric alterations of associated muscles, changes in occlusal plane inclination, and the magnitude of surgical movement. Conclusions: Risk factors exert different influences depending on the type of malocclusion, the combination of surgical techniques, and the approach employed. To establish causality, further clinical studies isolating variables and enabling long-term follow-up are necessary. These findings will provide scientific support for implementing necessary measures and selecting the optimal treatment to reduce recurrence risk, along with its associated economic, physical, and psychological costs.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Risk Factors; Recurrence; Orthognathic Surgery
  topic: keywords
creator: Consuelo Garcia Fuster
creator: Ignacio Sanino Zavala
creator: Juan Carlos Díaz González
creator: Rodrigo Quitral Argandoña
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Consuelo Garcia Fuster , Ignacio Sanino Zavala , Juan Carlos Díaz González, Rodrigo Quitral Argandoña https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 6
ending page: 18
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.02

The New Era of the Periodontology Discipline
type: item
description: Over the past few years, periodontology has experienced an unprecedented acceleration in the development of international guidelines that are redefining how the discipline is understood, taught, and practised. This “new era” is not necessarily rooted in any new discovery, or sudden shift in our understanding of periodontal biology or disease pathogenesis, in fact, these foundations remain unchanged. The main shifts come from the consolidation and translation of decades of research into coherent, evidence‑based frameworks that support a global and unified approach to periodontal care.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Cecilia Gonzales-Marin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Cecilia Gonzales-Marin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: 3
ending page: 5
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2026.v23n1.01

Presentation of an unusual sized peripheral cement-ossifying fibroma: case report
type: item
description: Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma (PCOF) is a benign reactive gingival lesion, commonly associated with chronic local irritants and with a predilection for young women. Although it typically appears as a small, asymptomatic, and slow-growing mass, atypical presentations with larger size and aggressive behavior have been reported. Definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological analysis, and the treatment of choice is complete surgical excision along with the removal of local etiological factors to minimize recurrence risk. This article reports the case of a 34-year-old female patient with a large (10 × 5 cm), rapidly growing mandibular PCOF that caused facial asymmetry, tongue displacement, functional impairment, and bone involvement. The lesion was successfully treated through surgery under general anesthesia, with favorable postoperative recovery. This case highlights an uncommon presentation of PCOF and underscores the importance of early diagnosis and wide surgical management in atypical clinical forms.
subject: Reportes de casos/ Case reports
  topic: section
subject: Cemento-ossifying Fibroma; Chronic Disease; Fibroma; Diagnosis; Oral Surgery
  topic: keywords
creator: Melina Barbieri
creator: Jeremías Román
creator: Sebastian Miguelez
creator: Jonathan Bavaro
creator: Christian Oscar Mosca
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Melina Barbieri , Jeremías Román, Sebastian Miguelez , Jonathan Bavaro, Christian Oscar Mosca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-07
publication date: 2025-10-07
starting page: 303
ending page: 312
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n4.06

Probiotics in endodontics as a biotherapeutic alternative: review of the literature
type: item
description: Probiotic therapy in endodontics emerges as a promising biotherapeutic strategy to modulate the microbiota of the root canal system, prevent microbial recolonization, and promote pulp-periapical health. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host, have demonstrated antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, in addition to competing for nutrients and adhesion sites against endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The reviewed evidence includes in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, highlighting the ability of strains such as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium species to inhibit pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm phases, with efficacy comparable to traditional irrigants and intracanal medication but with lower cytotoxicity. Additionally, bacterial metabolites have been observed to enhance the action of conventional antimicrobials or act independently. However, variability in efficacy among strains, delivery vehicles, and experimental conditions underscores the need to standardize protocols and validate their application in clinical contexts. This review concludes that probiotics and their metabolites represent a biosafe and sustainable alternative, with the potential to complement or partially replace antimicrobial agents in endodontic practice.
subject: Artículos de revisión / Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Biological Therapy; Probiotics; Endodontics; Lactobacillus; Root Canal Therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jormany Quintero-Rojas
creator: Angélica Sivira
creator: Elaysa Salas-Osorio
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jormany Quintero-Rojas , Angélica Sivira, Elaysa Salas-Osorio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 293
ending page: 302
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n4.05

Tomographic evaluation of the internal root anatomy of mandibular first molars of patients who attended a university health center in Peru
type: item
description: Objectives: To determine the number of canals, internal anatomy and bilaterality of anatomical variations of permanent mandibular first molars using the Zhang and Melton classification with the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: A total of 244 tomographic images of mandibular first molars from 122 patients were included. Sex, number of roots, number and location/configuration of canals, bilaterality, and presence of C-shaped canals according to the Zhang and Melton classifications, respectively, were recorded. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests were used for bivariate analysis. Results: 95.1% of molars presented 2 roots and 4.9% presented 3 roots. 75.4% of molars presented 3 canals, 15.6% presented 2 canals, and 9% presented 4 canals. Regarding Zhang's classification, 73.8% were variant 3, 15.6% variant 1, 5.7% variant 4, 3.3% variant 6, and 1.6% variant 5. As for bilaterality, 86.8% were bilateral and 13.2% unilateral. No molar presented a C-shaped canal. There was no significant difference regarding sex; however, there was a significant difference (p<0.001) in the prevalence of bilaterality. Conclusions: According to Zhang's classification, variant 3 (2 mesial canals and 1 distal canal) is the most frequent; however, it is essential to consider that variant 1 (1 mesial canal and 1 distal canal) and the presence of 4 canals (variants 4 and 6) are not uncommon. These findings emphasize the importance of knowledge of the various morphological configurations to consider during endodontic treatment.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Molar Tooth; Anatomy; Endodontics; Cone Beam Computed Tomography
  topic: keywords
creator: Norah Isabel Lacherre Faccio
creator: Santiago Amadeo Quijano Ortiz
creator: Ximena Alejandra León Ríos
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Norah Isabel Lacherre Faccio , Santiago Amadeo Quijano Ortiz , Ximena Alejandra León Ríos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 285
ending page: 292
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n4.04

Characterization of pediatric mandibular fractures and their clinical management. Scoping review
type: item
description: Objectives: Mandibular fractures in pediatric patients are relatively rare; however, understanding their characteristics enables early detection and appropriate referral, preventing complications and reducing costs for both public health and the patient. The objective of this research was to characterize pediatric mandibular fractures and their clinical management through a scoping review. Materials and Methods: The study was based on the Arksey and O’Malley method, verified using PRISMA-ScR. An electronic search for available evidence in English and Spanish was conducted in the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO using the terms “mandible fracture” AND “pediatric.” Studies published between 2019 and 2024 were considered. Results: The search yielded 62 studies; duplicates were removed using the Rayyan artificial intelligence tool, resulting in 56 studies. After filtering by title and abstract, 29 articles were selected, and following a full-text review, 25 articles were included. Conclusions: The most common causes of pediatric mandibular fractures are motor vehicle accidents and sports- and play-related trauma, with males being the most affected demographic. The most frequently affected areas were the condyle and mandibular symphysis. A conservative management approach is generally preferred; however, the treatment strategy depends on factors such as age, displacement, and potential impact on growth and development. Although pediatric mandibular fractures are less common, their diagnosis and management should not be underestimated due to long-term complications. Conservative treatment is preferred, but it should always be tailored to the individual patient's needs.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Mandibular Fractures; Pediatrics; Maxillofacial Development; Maxillofacial Injuries; Closed Fracture Reduction
  topic: keywords
creator: Consuelo Garcia Fuster
creator: Ignacio Sanino Zavala
creator: Gabriela Montero Soto
creator: Daniela Costela Miranda
creator: Melany Forton Donoso
creator: Rodrigo Quitral Argandoña
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Consuelo Garcia Fuster , Ignacio Sanino Zavala, Gabriela Montero Soto, Daniela Costela Miranda, Melany Forton Donoso , Rodrigo Quitral Argandoña https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 279
ending page: 284
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n4.03

Evaluation of the bond strength of different intraradicular posts in endodontically treated teeth
type: item
description: Objectives: The reconstruction of endodontically treated teeth with significant coronal destruction often requires the use of posts. This study evaluated the bond strength of four intraradicular post systems in different root regions using a push-out test: conventional fiberglass, CAD/CAM fiberglass, Splendor SAP, and anatomical posts. Materials and Methods: Nineteen single-rooted premolars were treated endodontically and divided into four groups. The posts were cemented with dual self-adhesive resin cement and then sectioned into 1 mm slices for push-out testing. Results: The cervical region had a higher bond strength than middle and apical thirds. Conventional fiberglass posts presented higher resistance than anatomical posts (p=0.048). Conclusions: These results confirm that cervical thirds present the best bonding conditions and that conventional fiberglass posts outperform the anatomical ones.
subject: Artículos Originales/ Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental Pins; Resin Cements; Post and Core Technique; CAD/CAM; Endodontics
  topic: keywords
creator: François Isnaldo Dias Caldeira
creator: Guilherme Vieira Luvisoto Belotto
creator: Arthur Francia Maia Athadeu
creator: Barbara Maria de Souza Moreira Machado
creator: Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote
creator: André Gustavo Gustavo Paleari
creator: Larissa Santana Rodriguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 François Isnaldo Dias Caldeira , Guilherme Vieira Luvisoto Belotto , Arthur Francia Maia Athadeu, Barbara Maria de Souza Moreira Machado , Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote, André Gustavo Gustavo Paleari , Larissa Santana Rodriguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 272
ending page: 278
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n4.02

Excellence in dentistry: among technique, the person, and ethics
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Lluis Giner-Tarrida
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lluís Giner-Tarrida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 270
ending page: 271
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n4.01

carta
type: item
description: Me dirijo a usted para expresarle mi sincero reconocimiento por la evolución escritural de los artículos científicos publicados actualmente en la revista "Kiru", Órgano Oficial de la Universidad San Martín de Porres - Perú. Es un placer observar como la revista está ofreciendo contenido relevante con calidad escritural para el público objetivo de este órgano editorial
subject: Carta al editor
  topic: section
subject: articulo
  topic: keywords
creator: Johana Maldonado-Villamizar Johana Maldonado-Villamizar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Johana Maldonado-Villamizar Johana Maldonado-Villamizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-10-10
publication date: 2022-10-10
starting page: 2
ending page: 4
doi: 10.24265/p17cqa94

Building Science: The Foundation of a Solid Protocol
type: item
description: .
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Ricardo Cartes-Velásquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ricardo Cartes-Velásquez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 170
ending page: 171
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n3.01

The role of the writing process in adapting scientific articles in dentistry
type: item
description: Writing as the sole tool used by humans is defined as the identification of a set of statements that make complete sense and are linked together to form a communicative text. This text becomes an extension of the discursive, psychological, cultural, and social component of humanity.
subject: Carta al editor
  topic: section
creator: Johana Maldonado–Villamizar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Johana Maldonado–Villamizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 263
ending page: 264
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n3.12

Tooth extraction and immediate implant placed in infected socket with 3 years follow-up. Case report
type: item
description: The immediate placement of dental implants post-extraction is a controversial technique due to the potential risk of failure, which is further exacerbated when performed in infected sockets. This study describes a case involving immediate implant placement following the extraction of a maxillary lateral incisor due to vertical fracture and an infected socket, along with subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation, demonstrating successful outcomes over a 3-year follow-up period. It was concluded that, in this case, osseointegration of the immediate implant in the infected socket was achieved, with favorable aesthetic and functional results up to the 3-year follow-up. Further monitoring is required to determine whether the initial socket pathology has been removed or may affect the implant's long-term performance.
subject: Reportes de casos/ Case reports
  topic: section
subject: Tooth Loss; Dental Implants; Tooth Injuries; Tooth Socket; Dental Prosthesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Diego Fernando Casco Silva
creator: Nilda Inés Silva Díaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Fernando Casco Silva , Nilda Inés Silva Díaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 253
ending page: 262
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n3.11

Correlation of the oral microbiota with the periodontal health: a literature review
type: item
description: The oral microbiota represents a dynamic and complex ecosystem that harbors between 500 and 1500 species of microorganisms, ranking second in diversity within the human organism. This literature review analyzes the relationship between the oral microbiota and periodontal health, examining the factors that influence its balance and the consequences of its disruption. The oral microbiota maintains a symbiotic balance, which is essential for oral health. The imbalance of this ecosystem (dysbiosis) is directly related to periodontal diseases, where Socransky's red complex, particularly the species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, play a fundamental role. Other relevant microorganisms such as Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are also identified. The composition of the oral microbiota can be affected by multiple variables, including ethnicity, genetics, geographic location, age, medication use, socioeconomic status, diet, human habitat, culture, and education. Within the oral cavity, a significant number of microorganisms are hosted, which actively participate in processes such as digestion and defense against pathogens. Additionally, this text explores the concepts of biofilm formation, bacterial equilibrium, and the mechanisms of bacterial action in the oral environment. Recommended probiotics for maintaining a balanced flora are discussed, along with host-related, environmental, pharmacological, and local factors that may disrupt the oral microbiota. Finally, the evolution of the oral microbiota is analyzed in relation to different stages of life, from the prenatal period to older adulthood.
subject: Artículos de revisión / Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Microbiota; Ecosystem; Bacteria; Dysbiosis; Periodontal Diseases; Symbiosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ariana Pamela Calle Rodríguez
creator: Carlos Roberto Naula Vicuña
creator: Xavier Bernardo Piedra Sarmiento
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ariana Pamela Calle Rodríguez , Carlos Roberto Naula Vicuña , Xavier Bernardo Piedra Sarmiento https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 244
ending page: 252
doi: 10.24265/kiru.2025.v22n3.10