Ecotoxicological effects of lead (Pb) on the familia Anatidae:A systematic review

Abstract

Among wild aquatic birds, the family Anatidae
is considered a convenient indicator of lead (Pb)
contamination due to its exposure to this metal in
contaminated inland waters. The objective of this
study was to determine the toxic effects of Pb on
species of the family Anatidae. These species have
been exposed to the heavy metal through activities
such as hunting, generating the main cause of
exposure, the ingestion of Pb pellets, either directly
or through their diet, which this activity uses. Pb, in
species of this family, tends to bioaccumulate mainly
in the liver, kidneys and bones. Likewise, the main
consequences of contamination by this metal are
the alteration of the immune system, a decrease in
the probability of survival and damage to the central
nervous system.