EFECTOS TÓXICOS DE BIOPLAGUICIDAS BOTÁNICOS SOBRE ESPECIES DEL ORDEN HYMENOPTERA
Palabras clave:
Bioplaguicidas botánicos, Control biológico, Hymenoptera, Manejo integrado de plagasResumen
El uso de plaguicidas sintéticos sigue siendo intensivo a pesar de los efectos probados sobre salud, ambiente y animales. Especialmente la afectación a insectos con roles biológicos fundamentales (polinización y control biológico, por ejemplo) como los del orden Hymenoptera es preocupante. Por ello, el uso de bioplaguicidas, en especial los de origen botánico, resultan una alternativa interesante de reemplazo de los plaguicidas clásicos por su efectividad y origen natural. Sin embargo, existe la posibilidad de que, igualmente, afecten a insectos de alto valor ecológico. Por ello, este artículo recopila y analiza literatura científica con el objetivo de examinar los efectos tóxicos de bioplaguicidas botánicos (BPB) sobre especies del orden Hymenoptera y examinar el origen vegetal de los BPB aplicados. Los resultados confirman la existencia de efectos letales y subletales de BPB sobre himenópteros. Se obtuvo que la familia vegetal Lamiaceae y las partes aéreas fueron las que más se utilizaron para la fabricación de BPB. Asimismo, la familia himenóptera más estudiada fue Formicidae y se evaluaron efectos letales, mediante porcentaje de mortalidad registrado mayoritariamente, en mayor medida que los subletales, con el indicador de reducción de emergencia en individuos en su mayoría. La información puede ser útil para la elección de métodos de control de especies no deseadas considerando los efectos sobre especies no objetivo.
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