Reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia: diagnóstico y abordaje terapéutico. Revisión de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/bpv2m437Palabras clave:
Reabsorción Radicular; Ortodoncia; Movimiento Dentario; Reabsorción de Diente; InflamaciónResumen
Introducción: La reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia (orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption, OIIRR) es una complicación caracterizada por pérdida progresiva de tejido radicular duro, mediada por células clásticas en respuesta a fuerzas ortodóncicas y estímulos biológicos. Aunque suele ser leve, en casos moderados o severos puede comprometer el pronóstico dental. Objetivos: Revisar la evidencia actual sobre fisiopatología, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico, prevención y manejo clínico de la OIIRR. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Scopus, SciELO y Google Scholar de artículos publicados en el periodo enero 2015 a julio del 2025, empleando las palabras clave “OIIRR”, “resorption” y “orthodontic” con operadores booleanos. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, obteniendo 59 publicaciones. Resultados: La OIIRR inicia con daño tisular, liberación de damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) y activación de citocinas proinflamatorias (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) y PGE₂, que mediante la vía RANK/RANKL/OPG estimulan la actividad odontoclástica y osteoclástica. Entre los factores de riesgo destacan magnitud, dirección y duración de las fuerzas, morfología radicular, edad, predisposición genética y antecedentes de trauma. Movimientos de intrusión y torque, y aparatos fijos, presentan mayor riesgo. El diagnóstico se apoya en radiografías, CBCT y biomarcadores. Las estrategias preventivas incluyen uso de fuerzas ligeras, control radiográfico y suspensión temporal del tratamiento. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico temprano, la individualización del tratamiento y la biomecánica controlada son esenciales para reducir la incidencia y severidad de la OIIRR, preservando la integridad radicular y la salud periodontal a largo plazo.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Gabriela García-Sarmiento , Tania Rocio Matute-Sánchez , Evelin Johana Morán Prado , Fernanda Sacoto-Figueroa
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