Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: diagnosis and therapeutic approach. A literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/6xc9p764Keywords:
Palatal Expansion Technique; Biomechanical Phenomena; MaxillaAbstract
Introduction: Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption (OIIRR) is a complication characterized by the progressive loss of hard root tissue mediated by clastic cells in response to orthodontic forces and biological stimuli. Although it is usually mild, moderate or severe cases may compromise the dental prognosis. Objectives: To review current evidence on the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis prevention, and clinical management of OIIRR. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2015 and July 2025, using the keywords “OIIRR,” “resorption,” and “orthodontic” with Boolean operators. Observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included, yielding a total of 59 publications. Results: OIIRR begins with tissue damage, release of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and PGE₂, which stimulate odontoclastic and osteoclastic activity through the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway. Mayor risk factors include the magnitude, direction, and duration of orthodontic forces, root morphology, age, genetic predisposition, and history of dental trauma. Intrusive and torque movements, as well as fixed appliances, are associated with a higher risk. Diagnosis is supported by radiographic examination, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and biomarkers. Preventive strategies include the use of light forces, periodic radiographic monitoring, and temporary interruption of treatment when necessary. Conclusions: Early diagnosis, individualized treatment planning, and controlled biomechanics are essential to reduce the incidence and severity of OIIRR, thereby preserving root integrity and long-term periodontal health.
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